{"id":560312,"date":"2023-05-23T15:31:53","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T19:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=560312"},"modified":"2024-11-20T08:55:34","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T13:55:34","slug":"a-colonial-history-jamestown-plymouth-and-yes-bermuda-560312","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/a-colonial-history-jamestown-plymouth-and-yes-bermuda-560312\/","title":{"rendered":"A colonial history: Jamestown, Plymouth and, yes, Bermuda"},"content":{"rendered":"

A Rochester historian argues Bermuda belongs at the center, not the periphery, of the American colonial story.<\/h2>\n

Bermuda was a tabula rasa<\/em> when European explorers first set foot on the North Atlantic archipelago in 1505. No indigenous people, just colonies of shrieking birds, interrupted sporadically by violent storms. Spanish explorer Juan de Berm\u00fadez came, saw little value, and left nothing but his name behind. Permanent settlers wouldn\u2019t arrive for another hundred years\u2014and then only by serendipity.<\/p>\n

In this case\u2014tragic serendipity. The Sea Venture<\/em>, an English ship on its way to the colony at Jamestown, got caught in a monster storm and wrecked on a coral reef off Bermuda\u2019s shore in 1609. Most of the wreck\u2019s survivors eventually made their way to their original destination\u2014albeit months later. But a scant handful stayed behind. Within a few years, Bermuda became a British territory, and with that one of the cradles of English colonization: settled just five years after<\/em> the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia, and eight years before<\/em> Plymouth.<\/p>\n

And yet, reading histories about the early beginnings of the American colonies\u2014the traditional origin stories of the United States\u2014one would be hard pressed to find much, if any, mention of Bermuda.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen historians have considered it, they usually dismiss it as a curiosity or a failure,\u201d writes Michael Jarvis<\/a>, an associate professor of history at the Ä¢¹½´«Ã½<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jarvis has spent most of his academic career trying to fill in the blanks. His latest book, Isle of Devils, Isle of Saints: An Atlantic History of Bermuda, 1609\u20131684<\/em><\/a> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022) is his most recent contribution toward that end. As a prequel, it continues the work he started in his first book, In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680\u20131783 <\/em>(University of North Carolina Press, 2010). In Isle of Devils, Isle of Saints, <\/em>Jarvis makes the case that the small island is nothing less than \u201cthe crucible of colonization,\u201d and deserves to join historic Jamestown and Plymouth as part of \u201can English-American historical triangle of origin.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"a
Isle of Devils, Isle of Saints,<\/em> the new book by associate professor of history Michael Jarvis. (Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Could the American colonies have developed without Bermuda?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Several earlier attempts at establishing colonies on the North American shoreline failed because of hunger, lack of provisions, and harsh environments. But Bermuda started to thrive\u2014which was of considerable consequence for the future United States.<\/p>\n

When the newcomers at Jamestown faced starvation, and \u201cdesperate settlers resorted to cannibalism,\u201d just 800 miles \u201cto the east of this hell\u201d another group of English colonists \u201cfound a veritable paradise, an uninhabited island lush with forests and marine life,\u201d Jarvis writes.<\/p>\n

Bermuda became the first of England\u2019s experimental colonial laboratories to produce a successful export staple\u2014Spanish tobacco\u2014which, Jarvis argues, once transferred to the mainland became the foundation of Virginia\u2019s economic success. With the success, however, also came Bermuda\u2019s dubious distinction as the first English colony to import enslaved African people, thereby developing slavery into \u201can institution that became ubiquitous throughout English America.\u201d<\/p>\n

Drawing on three decades of his own research and archaeological work, Jarvis who directs the\u00a0Smith’s Island Archaeology Project<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0in Bermuda, delves into the interplay of slavery, race, gender, and the environment, tracing how \u201cEuropeans and Africans became distinctly American\u201d on the island\u2014some 600 miles offshore from what would later become North Carolina.<\/p>\n

He argues the histories of several US states and Atlantic and Caribbean islands\u2014such as Virginia, Barbados, Providence Island, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and South Carolina\u2014are firmly intertwined with Bermuda and that historic accounts that \u201comit or ignore founding Bermudian settlers\u2019 presence and contributions are thus incomplete.\u201d<\/p>\n

Both in his research and teaching, Jarvis fuses history with archaeology and digital media studies<\/a>. Since his arrival at Rochester in the fall of 2001, he has taken scores of Rochester students along for archaeological field work, most recently this spring to Bermuda\u2019s St. George\u2019s Island where he and his students, in partnership with the Bermuda National Trust, helped to document and preserve what\u2019s still there, as modern Bermuda engages in a frenzy of building and property development.<\/p>\n

\"A
PHOTO ESSAY:<\/a> Historian Michael Jarvis and Skylar DiBlasi \u201925, an archaeology, technology, and historical structures major, discovered this past spring black charring on the packed floors under the cellar\u2019s flagstones of the historic Globe Hotel in St. George, Bermuda, pointing to fire damage. Jarvis regularly takes students along on archaeological digs in Bermuda. Watch Michael Jarvis talk in a Bermuda Tonight<\/em> episode<\/a> about his recent archaeological dig in the cellar of the Globe Hotel in St. George\u2019s, Bermuda\u2019s first capital. (Photo courtesy of Michael Jarvis)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Devil or saint? <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Extensive archival and archaeological work allows Jarvis to explore Bermuda\u2019s split personality. On the one hand, it was England\u2019s first Puritan colony, founded on the idea of building a moral Christian society. On the other, its founders committed, promoted, and helped entrench the profound moral crime of slavery.<\/p>\n

Jarvis\u2019s juxtaposed title\u2014Isle of Devils, Isle of Saints<\/em>\u2014has several origins, however. One springs from a 1622 investor’s letter, noting how a place once thought to be haunted by devils was now being colonized by utopian Puritan settlers, intent on building a model Christian Commonwealth, as Jarvis explains.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt captures the constant tension between religious colonial leaders, trying to maintain a godly society,\u201d he says, \u201cand more worldly, sinful settlers\u00a0who enjoyed Bermuda’s nice weather, tobacco, and rum.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bermuda’s puritans\u2014or \u201cself-appointed saints\u201d as he also calls them\u2014saw themselves \u201cin constant battle with the devil, in the forms of Catholic enemies, the English Civil War, witchcraft, hurricanes, slave revolts, and the Bermuda parent company exploitation.\u201d<\/p>\n

The devil reference also stems from a Spanish nickname given to the island because of its location\u2014firmly in the path of frequent, roaring storms. With more than 300 shipwrecks on its reefs, Bermuda has rightly earned the moniker \u201cshipwreck capital of the world,\u201d although Canada\u2019s Sable Island still trumps that sad record.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs Catholics trying to save the world, they assumed the devil, or at least some of his demon henchmen, lived on the island to conjure up storms to sink their ships,\u201d Jarvis says. That superstitious lore, by the way, wasn\u2019t lost on William Shakespeare either, who reportedly used the account of Bermuda\u2019s shipwrecks, especially the Sea Venture\u2019s<\/em> fate in 1609, as a source for his play The Tempest<\/em>, likely written just a year or two after the wreck.<\/p>\n

By the 1670s, Bermuda had freed itself from its former parent company and become England’s most densely populated possession\u2014on its way to become an intercolonial maritime hub.<\/p>\n

So, who was the winner\u2014saints or devils?<\/p>\n

Given the \u201cultimate implosion\u201d of Bermuda\u2019s Puritan society and its eventual shift to a commercial, secular, and maritime society, Jarvis jokes, \u201cwe might conclude that in this war, the devil\u2014in the details\u2014won.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
\n

\"aerialDigital history project will create virtual visits to an African slave fort<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Michael Jarvis\u2019s digital history project seeks to understand the Black history of a 1632 English fort on the coast of Ghana.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"AnCurrent COVID spike in Bermuda a \u2018precedented\u2019 battle against pandemics<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Rochester historian Michael Jarvis traces the history of pandemics and vaccine skeptics on the island.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"TheGhana field school immerses students in ancient forts\u2014and the legacies of slavery<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

For three summers, Rochester undergraduates have worked to analyze and preserve the ancient forts along the coast of Ghana, while exploring the historical and cultural context of the structures they study.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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