  {"id":460652,"date":"2020-11-09T13:57:28","date_gmt":"2020-11-09T18:57:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=460652"},"modified":"2020-11-15T10:48:58","modified_gmt":"2020-11-15T15:48:58","slug":"organ-on-a-chip-is-the-wave-of-the-future-460652","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/organ-on-a-chip-is-the-wave-of-the-future-460652\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Organ on a chip\u2019 is the wave of the future"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"width: 85%; font-weight: bold; line-height: 135%; margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ researchers are building technology to predict the course of tendon injuries in individual patients\u2014a form of personalized medicine that will lead to more effective treatments.<\/h2>\n<p>Too often, promising therapeutic drug candidates that are developed as a result of expensive animal studies prove ineffective\u2014or even dangerous\u2014when tested in humans. Although lab animals may have similar anatomical features to humans, their physiology, metabolism, and genetic diversity can be quite different.<\/p>\n<p>Three <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/\">Ä¢¹½´«Ã½<\/a> biomedical researchers are addressing the problem through a novel form of personalized medicine. They are developing an alternative \u201corgan on a chip\u201d technology that uses tissue samples from an individual human patient to mimic how a disease or disorder might occur in that patient\u2014in this case, scarring from a tendon injury, especially after surgery to repair the damage.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_460662\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-460662\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-460662 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fea-tendon-chip-630x378.jpg\" alt=\"artist's illustration of a tendon chip, with an exploded view showing the layers for the top acrylic layer, the microfluidic channel, the vaccuum chamber, collogen hydrogel, integrated sensor, and bottom microfluidic gel. \" width=\"630\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fea-tendon-chip-630x378.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fea-tendon-chip-193x117.jpg 193w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fea-tendon-chip-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fea-tendon-chip.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-460662\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>BUILDING A BETTER CHIP:<\/strong> \u201cOur goal is to bring the sensors and chip together,\u201d says Benjamin Miller, professor of biomedical engineering, \u201cso that in real time you\u2019re getting a readout of whatever is happening in the chip, without interrupting [the system].\u201d (Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ illustration \/ Michael Osadciw)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The technology, using a novel integration of ultrathin nanoporous membranes and photonic sensors, would allow clinicians to better predict whether a patient is likely to develop debilitating scar tissue, and if so, to then determine which therapeutic drug will work best for that patient.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis technology is likely the future of medicine. You can now think about personalized medicine in a chip,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/labs\/awad.aspx\">Hani Awad<\/a>, the Donald and Mary Clark Distinguished Professor in Orthopaedics and professor of biomedical engineering at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/musculoskeletal-research.aspx\">Center for Musculoskeletal Research<\/a>. He is collaborating on the project with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/bme\/people\/faculty\/mcgrath_james\/index.html\">James McGrath<\/a>, professor of biomedical engineering, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urmc.rochester.edu\/people\/21977435-benjamin-l-miller\">Benjamin Miller<\/a>, professor of dermatology, biomedical engineering, optics, and biochemistry and biophysics.<\/p>\n<p>The collaboration\u2014aided by the close proximity of the Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ Medical Center and its Center for Musculoskeletal Research to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/bme\/\">Department of Biomedical Engineering<\/a> at the nearby River Campus\u2014represents \u201can exquisite blend of biological science and engineering,\u201d Awad says.\u00a0 \u201cThe team outside the three of us includes sensor scientists, orthopedic surgeons, and immunologists. It\u2019s a very multidisciplinary approach.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The research is supported by a $3.8 million grant\u2014one of 10 nationwide\u2014from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) <a href=\"https:\/\/ncats.nih.gov\/\">National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS),<\/a> which is charged with improving and streamlining the processes by which new treatments and cures can be delivered to patients. The grants are administered through a new program, Clinical Trials on a Chip, which is led by NCATS in conjunction with several other NIH institutes and centers, including the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. NCATS began funding research on tissue chips for drug screening in 2012.<\/p>\n<p>A major goal of the program is to develop 3-D platforms engineered to support living human tissues and cells and mimic complex biological functions of organs and systems, which could better predict which patients are most likely to benefit from an investigational therapy prior to initiating clinical trials.<\/p>\n<p>To the best of the researchers\u2019 knowledge, the Rochester project will be the first organ-on-a-chip platform designed for modeling scar formation in tendons.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>How tendons respond to injury<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Awad, whose lab studies the response of musculoskeletal tissue to injury, has a specific interest in tendons.<\/p>\n<p>When tendons are injured, they heal much like our skin, Awad says. They form a scar. \u201cAnd that scar tissue, especially if surgery was involved in repairing the injury, often compromises the subsequent mechanical function of the tendon,\u201d he adds. This can result in less strength or flexibility in a limb or joint, or even eventual reinjury or rupture.<\/p>\n<p>Paradoxically, this scarring is the result of an inflammatory response \u201cthat nature designed to protect us from invading microbes at the site of the injury,\u201d Awad explains. \u201cWe obviously have some bleeding, we have some new blood vessels forming, and you have infiltrating cells from the immune system coming to the site of the injury.\u201d When this process is prolonged, fibrotic scar tissue is produced.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSo, the response to the injury is an interplay of tendon tissue, inflammatory cells, and the microvasculature (the system of tiny blood vessels that perfuse body tissue). And this is exactly what we would like to replicate in the chip,\u201d Awad says.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Two new \u2018twists\u2019<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>And that\u2019s where McGrath\u2019s lab becomes involved. For several years his lab has been perfecting its patented ultrathin silicon nanomembranes\u2014less than 200 nanometers thick\u2014for a host of applications, including their use as \u201cideal barriers\u201d in multi-compartment devices to culture and study human tissue.<\/p>\n<p>So, in that sense, the multi-compartment, microfluidic tendon-on-chip platform his lab will create for this project \u201cwill definitely be based on things we\u2019ve done in the past,\u201d McGrath says. \u201cWe\u2019ve been getting progressively better at it, and some of the advancements we\u2019ve made in the last couple of years were a big help in securing this grant.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>However, this platform will take his research a step further. \u201cIt will need to incorporate mechanical action to extend the tendon on the other side of the blood compartment,\u201d he says. And that \u201cwill certainly be groundbreaking in terms of the functionality that we bring to it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to Miller\u2019s lab, the device will be groundbreaking in another way as well.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOften with an organ on a chip, researchers allow the experiment to run for a while, and then they do an analysis using immunohistochemistry, which means you mix antibodies that have a florescent tag into the system, then look at it with a fluorescence microscope to see what the cells are doing. But once you do that, the system is dead,\u201d says Miller, an expert in photonic biosensors. \u201cOr, if you don\u2019t want to kill the system, you have a sensor somewhere downstream, disconnected from the chip.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur goal is to bring the sensors and chip together, so that in real time you\u2019re getting a readout of whatever is happening in the chip, without interrupting [the system],\u201d Miller says.<\/p>\n<p>Based on work his lab has done as part of the AIM Photonics initiative, Miller\u2019s lab will contribute a \u201cvery small format, planar sensor device,\u201d incorporating photonic ring resonators and 2-D photonic crystals. Placed in close contact with McGrath\u2019s organ on chip platform, the sensors will enable researchers to noninvasively measure proteins secreted as part of the inflammatory response.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBy the end of this grant, the goal is for us to be able to take cells from a patient, and actually incorporate them in multiple devices, so you can look at several potential treatments at once,\u201d Miller says. \u201cLet\u2019s say that you had an injury and tendon repair, and the doctor wants to know what the best therapy is going to be\u2014not generically, but what\u2019s the best therapy for <em>you<\/em>. And that\u2019s what we\u2019ll be able to determine. That\u2019s the really cool aspect of this.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rochester researchers are building technology to predict the course of tendon injuries\u2014a form of personalized medicine that will lead to more effective treatments.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286,"featured_media":460712,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[28572,19842,18742,29502,18632,19182,18572,9186],"class_list":["post-460652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-benjamin-miller","tag-center-for-musculoskeletal-research","tag-department-of-biomedical-engineering","tag-featured-post-side","tag-hajim-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-james-mcgrath","tag-research-finding","tag-research-funding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the 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