{"id":397952,"date":"2019-09-25T13:25:34","date_gmt":"2019-09-25T17:25:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=397952"},"modified":"2020-05-07T12:25:47","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T16:25:47","slug":"quantum-computers-transferring-electrons-397952","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/quantum-computers-transferring-electrons-397952\/","title":{"rendered":"One small step for electrons, one giant leap for quantum computers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize technology, medicine, and science by providing faster and more efficient processors, sensors, and communication devices.<\/p>\n

But transferring information and correcting errors within a quantum system remains a challenge to making effective quantum computers.<\/p>\n

In a paper in the journal Nature<\/em>, researchers from Purdue University and the Ä¢¹½´«Ã½<\/a>, including John Nichol<\/a>, an assistant professor of physics, and Rochester PhD students Yadav P. Kandel and\u00a0Haifeng Qiao, demonstrate their method of relaying information by transferring the state of electrons. The research brings scientists one step closer to creating fully functional quantum computers and is the latest example of\u00a0 Rochester\u2019s initiative to better understand quantum behavior<\/a> and develop novel quantum systems<\/a>. The University recently received a $4 million grant from the Department of Energy to explore quantum materials<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Quantum computers<\/strong><\/h3>\n

A quantum computer operates on the principles of quantum mechanics, a unique set of rules that govern at the extremely small scale of atoms and subatomic particles. When dealing with particles at these scales, many of the rules that govern classical physics no longer apply and quantum effects emerge; a quantum computer is able to perform complex calculations, factor extremely large numbers, and simulate the behaviors of atoms and particles at levels that classical computers cannot.<\/p>\n

Quantum computers have the potential to provide more insight into principles of physics and chemistry by simulating the behavior of matter at unusual conditions at the molecular level. These simulations could be useful in developing new energy sources and studying the conditions of planets and galaxies or comparing compounds that could lead to new drug therapies.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou and I are quantum systems. The particles in our body obey quantum physics. But, if you try to compute what happens with all of the atoms in our body, you cannot do it on a regular computer,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cA quantum computer could easily do this.\u201d\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad<\/p>\n

Quantum computers could also open doors for faster database searches and cryptography.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt turns out that almost all of modern cryptography is based on the extreme difficulty for regular computers to factor large numbers,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cQuantum computers can easily factor large numbers and break encryption schemes, so you can imagine why lots of governments are interested in this.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Yadav Kandel, a physics PhD student in assistant professor John Nichol\u2019s lab, uses an arbitrary waveform generator to manipulate qubits. (Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bits vs. qubits<\/strong><\/h3>\n

A regular computer consists of billions of transistors, called bits. Quantum computers, on the other hand, are based on quantum bits, also known as qubits, which can be made from a single electron. Unlike ordinary transistors, which can be either \u201c0\u201d or \u201c1,\u201d qubits can be both \u201c0\u201d and \u201c1\u201d at the same time. The ability for individual qubits to occupy these \u201csuperposition states,\u201d where they are simultaneously in multiple states, underlies the great potential of quantum computers. Just like ordinary computers, however, quantum computers need a way to transfer information between qubits, and this presents a major experimental challenge.<\/p>\n

\u201cA quantum computer needs to have many qubits, and they\u2019re really difficult to make and operate,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cThe state-of-the art right now is doing something with only a few qubits, so we\u2019re still a long ways away from realizing the full potential of quantum computers.\u201d<\/p>\n

All computers, including both regular and quantum computers and devices like smart phones, also have to perform error correction. A regular computer contains copies of bits so if one of the bits goes bad, \u201cthe rest are just going to take a majority vote\u201d and fix the error. However, quantum bits cannot be copied, Nichol says, \u201cso you have to be very clever about how you correct for errors. What we\u2019re doing here is one step in that direction.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Thin aluminum wires connect the surface of a quantum processor semiconductor chip to pads on a circuit board. The researchers fabricate the device by patterning and depositing metal gates on a chip. The metal gates are designed to trap individual electrons in the semiconductor. The researchers send electrical signals to the device via the aluminum wires, changing the voltage on the metal gates to control the electrons. They also receive electrical signals from the device to help monitor the electrons’ behavior. (Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Manipulating electrons<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Quantum error correction requires that individual qubits interact with many other qubits. This can be difficult because an individual electron is like a bar magnet with a north pole and a south pole that can point either up or down. The direction of the pole\u2014whether the north pole is pointing up or down, for instance\u2014is known as the electron\u2019s magnetic moment or quantum state.<\/p>\n

If certain kinds of particles have the same magnetic moment, they cannot be in the same place at the same time. That is, two electrons in the same quantum state cannot sit on top of each other.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is one of the main reasons something like a penny, which is made out of metal, doesn\u2019t collapse on itself,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cThe electrons are pushing themselves apart because they cannot be in the same place at the same time.\u201d<\/p>\n

If two electrons are in opposite states, they can sit on top of each other. A surprising consequence of this is that if the electrons are close enough, their states will swap back and forth in time.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you have one electron that\u2019s up and another electron that\u2019s down and you push them together for just the right amount of time, they will swap,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cThey did not switch places, but their states switched.\u201d<\/p>\n

To force this phenomenon, Nichol and his colleagues cooled down a semiconductor chip to extremely low temperatures. Using quantum dots\u2014nanoscale semiconductors\u2014they trapped four electrons in a row, then moved the electrons so they came in contact and their states switched.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s an easy way to switch the state between two neighboring electrons, but doing it over long distances\u2014in our case, it\u2019s four electrons\u2014requires a lot of control and technical skill,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cOur research shows this is now a viable approach to send information over long distances.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
Doctoral student Haifeng Qiao uses a wire bonder to make electrical contact between the circuit board and the experimental device. (Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One step closer<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Transmitting the state of an electron back and forth across an array of qubits, without moving the position of electrons, provides a striking example of the possibilities allowed by quantum physics for information science.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis experiment demonstrates that information in quantum states can be transferred without actually transferring the individual electron spins down the chain,\u201d says Michael Manfra, a professor of physics and astronomy at Purdue University. \u201cIt is an important step for showing how information can be transmitted quantum-mechanically\u2014in manners quite different than our classical intuition would lead us to believe.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nichol likens this to the steps that led from the first computing devices to today\u2019s computers. That said, will we all someday have quantum computers to replace our desktop computers? \u201cIf you had asked that question of IBM in the 1960s, they probably would\u2019ve said no, there\u2019s no way that\u2019s going to happen,\u201d Nichol says. \u201cThat\u2019s my reaction now. But, who knows?\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Quantum computing has revolutionary potential, but transferring information within a quantum system remains a challenge. By transferring the state of electrons, Rochester research brings scientists one step closer to creating fully functional quantum computers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":912,"featured_media":398062,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[18662,37092,17762,18572,16072,37822],"class_list":["post-397952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-department-of-physics-and-astronomy","tag-john-nichol","tag-quantum-science","tag-research-finding","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-urnano"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOne small step for electrons, one giant leap for quantum computers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"By transferring the state of electrons, Rochester research brings scientists one step closer to creating fully functional quantum computers.\" \/>\n<meta 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