{"id":339602,"date":"2018-09-27T15:17:53","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T19:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=339602"},"modified":"2018-10-17T08:47:12","modified_gmt":"2018-10-17T12:47:12","slug":"fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\/","title":{"rendered":"Fan hate takes aim at Star Wars diversity"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_339682\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-339682\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-339682 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/lacina-2018.jpg\" alt=\"Bethany Lacina\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-339682\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bethany Lacina, associate professor of political science.<br \/>(Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/psc\/people\/view.php?fid=50\">Bethany Lacina<\/a>, an associate professor of political science at the URochester, has been very busy on Twitter recently. Analyzing posts that is\u2014not setting off late-night tweet storms.<\/p>\n<p>A Star Wars aficionado from elementary school onwards, Lacina used <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bethanylacina.com\/lacina_starwarstwitter.pdf\">data science to study the prevalence of Twitter harassment<\/a> among the iconic movie franchise\u2019s fan base.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cPeople were saying \u2018Look, everybody gets harassed on social media, that\u2019s just the way it works. Women and nonwhite people don\u2019t have it worse than anyone else.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Those kinds of comments galvanized Lacina, who joined the Rochester faculty in 2010, to start searching for hard data.<\/p>\n<p>A noticeable uptick in Twitter harassment and racist tweets followed the recent\u00a0<em>The Last Jedi<\/em> movie, released in December 2017. Here, the Jedi order is placed in the hands of a young woman, while casting the franchise\u2019s first nonwhite female lead, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/08\/21\/movies\/kelly-marie-tran.html\">Kelly Marie Tran<\/a>. The actress subsequently shut down her Instagram account, due to the flood of negative comments and personal online harassment.<\/p>\n<p>Twitter, just as other social media venues, has become politicized in the way its followers and members debate popular culture, Lacina notes. For her study, Lacina collected thousands of tweets from Star Wars fans, using computer algorithms to sort and categorize their Twitter conversations. She looked for offensive language, positive and negative attitudes, and outright hate speech\u2014such as threats of violence, and ethnic, homophobic, or misogynistic slurs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"side-right\" style=\"padding: 20px;\">\n<h4>5 key takeaways<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Lacina\u2019s study was published as an analysis for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/monkey-cage\/wp\/2018\/09\/06\/who-hates-star-wars-for-its-newfound-diversity-here-are-the-numbers\/?utm_term=.53abf9c5573b\">Monkey Cage<\/a>, a <em>Washington Post\u00a0<\/em>blog written by political experts.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 0rem; font-size: 90%;\">\n<li>Male fans received offensively worded tweets about as often as female fans. However, when it came to hate speech, the difference was more dramatic: one in 450 tweets to male fan podcasters contained hate speech, versus one in 280 tweets for female fan podcasters.<\/li>\n<li>Hate speech is rarer than offensive language, appearing in about one out of 100 tweets.<\/li>\n<li>Tweets with offensive language or hate speech are not popular. They come from accounts that have fewer followers than average and receive fewer \u201clikes\u201d or \u201cfavorites,\u201d retweets, or replies than more neutral posts.<\/li>\n<li>Automated bots are not to blame. They produced no hate speech tweets and their few (4.4 percent) overall Star Wars tweets show they use less offensive language than their human counterparts.<\/li>\n<li>Lacina estimates that she\u2019s missing about 5 percent of Star Wars tweets, because they were deleted by their author or by Twitter for violating the company\u2019s community standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>While conservative fans accused the franchise of kowtowing to a politically correct agenda, Lacina discovered that offensive tweets didn\u2019t just originate on the political right. Abusive language also appeared in tweets from the cultural left. Ironically, female podcasters were particularly likely to receive offensive or hateful tweets that simultaneously complained the target was \u201cnot supporting diversity and gender equality strongly enough,\u201d Lacina says.<\/p>\n<p>As part of her research, she compared general Star Wars-related tweets to specific tweets about Kelly Marie Tran and her <em>Last Jedi<\/em> character Rose Tico. There was no doubt: the proportion of tweets with offensive language doubled from 6 to 12 percent, and hate speech jumped by 60 percent, from 1.1 percent to 1.8 percent of all tweets\u2014when it came to Tran or her character.<\/p>\n<p>Lacina, who holds a PhD from Stanford University, is quick to admit that her analysis relies on inference when it comes to the tweeter\u2019s gender identity, race, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, and religion.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy reliance on guesswork means that I am in the same position as a stranger on Twitter,\u201d she explains. However, using the Botometer Python program developed by Indiana University, she concluded that unlike the 2016 US presidential elections and the Brexit referendum in Great Britain, very few automated Twitter bots are to blame for fanning the flames of anger among Star Wars fans.<\/p>\n<p>As the analysis progressed, Lacina realized that some of the language algorithms are difficult to use. They may flag a tweet as violent when, in fact, it\u2019s just a retelling of a plot line about something violent that happened in one of the Star Wars movies. Sometimes, she says, it\u2019s impossible to say if a Twitter user feels harassed, especially when his or her original account engages in verbal flame throwing, too, and seems designed to evoke that kind of response.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s harder than I thought to come up with a clean measure of whether someone is being harassed on Twitter,\u201d she finds. However, Lacina says, attempting to study these kinds of tweets are not a \u201cfrivolous\u201d or \u201cmarginal\u201d endeavor. After all, she says, mass entertainment has very clearly entered into the public discussions over ethnic politics in this country.<\/p>\n<p>The article marked somewhat of an excursion for Lacina, whose regular research interests cover international relations, comparative politics, conflict, and Indian politics. The author of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.umich.edu\/8877283\/rival_claims\"><em>Rival Claims: Ethnic Violence and Territorial Autonomy under Indian Federalism\u00a0<\/em><\/a>(University of Michigan Press, 2017), Lacina is an expert in civil and ethnic conflict, especially disputes over territorial autonomy.<\/p>\n<p>But ultimately, she says, the racist tweets are not too much of a departure. Her latest book\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/elements\/nativism-and-economic-integration-across-the-developing-world\/C724C9B1C8470EC9999C46AB510B5FAE\"><em>Nativism and Economic Integration Across the Developing World: <\/em><em>Collision and <\/em>Accommodation<\/a>\u00a0(Cambridge University Press, 2018), co-authored with <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/rikhilb\">Rikhil R. Bhavnani<\/a> from the University of Wisconsin\u2014comes out this month. Here the two political scientists look at ethnic groups\u2019 fighting over migration and nativism.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI wrote the [<em>Washington Post<\/em>] article for the for people who said they were feeling kind of gas lit,\u201d says Lacina. \u201cMy goal was to offer data to people who suspected that the treatment of women and the treatment of minorities on social media was in fact different from the treatment of other people, and assure them that they weren\u2019t crazy.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In an analysis of thousands of tweets from Star Wars fans, associate professor of political science Bethany Lacina found that offensive language doubled and hate speech jumped by 60 percent when those tweets were directed at actress Kelly Marie Tran or her character Rose Tico, the first nonwhite female lead character in the franchise.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":942,"featured_media":339672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[456],"tags":[35652,11716,21462,4906,29502,18572,16072],"class_list":["post-339602","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society-culture","tag-bethany-lacina","tag-data-science","tag-department-of-political-science","tag-diversity","tag-featured-post-side","tag-research-finding","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fan hate takes aim at Star Wars diversity<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fan hate takes aim at Star Wars diversity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In an analysis of thousands of tweets from Star Wars fans, associate professor of political science Bethany Lacina found that offensive language doubled and hate speech jumped by 60 percent when those tweets were directed at actress Kelly Marie Tran or her character Rose Tico, the first nonwhite female lead character in the franchise.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-09-27T19:17:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-10-17T12:47:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/fea-rose-tico-tweets.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sandra Knispel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sandra Knispel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sandra Knispel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/48a5dd20d1ade85ff52a0babb9a550a5\"},\"headline\":\"Fan hate takes aim at Star Wars diversity\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-09-27T19:17:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-10-17T12:47:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":969,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/fan-hate-takes-aim-star-wars-diversity-data-science-339602\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/fea-rose-tico-tweets.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Bethany Lacina\",\"data science\",\"Department of Political Science\",\"diversity\",\"featured-post-side\",\"research finding\",\"School of Arts and Sciences\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Society &amp; 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