{"id":329292,"date":"2018-07-23T15:29:36","date_gmt":"2018-07-23T19:29:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=329292"},"modified":"2020-04-13T17:12:58","modified_gmt":"2020-04-13T21:12:58","slug":"laboratory-laser-energetics-jupiter-of-metallic-hydrogen-329292","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/laboratory-laser-energetics-jupiter-of-metallic-hydrogen-329292\/","title":{"rendered":"Researchers unravel more mysteries of metallic hydrogen"},"content":{"rendered":"

Metallic hydrogen is one of the rarest materials on Earth, yet more than 80 percent of planets\u2014including Jupiter, Saturn, and hundreds of extrasolar planets\u2014are composed of this exotic form of matter.<\/p>\n

Its abundance in our solar system\u2014despite its rarity on Earth\u2014makes metallic hydrogen an intriguing focus for researchers at the URochester\u2019s Laboratory of Laser Energetics<\/a> (LLE) who study planet formation and evolution, including how planets both inside and outside our solar system form magnetic shields.<\/p>\n

\u201cMetallic hydrogen is the most abundant form of matter in our planetary system,\u201d says Mohamed Zaghoo, a research associate at the LLE. \u201cIt\u2019s a shame we don\u2019t have it naturally here on earth, but on Jupiter, there are oceans of metallic hydrogen. We want to find out how these oceans give rise to Jupiter\u2019s enormous magnetic field.\u201d Zaghoo and Gilbert \u2018Rip\u2019 Collins, a professor of mechanical engineering and of physics and director of Rochester\u2019s high-energy-density physics program<\/a>, studied the conductivity of metallic hydrogen to further unravel the mysteries of the dynamo effect\u2014the mechanism that generates magnetic fields on planets including Earth. They published their findings in the Astrophysical Journal<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Creating metallic hydrogen at the LLE<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Every element acts differently under intense pressure and temperature. Heating water, for example, generates a gas in the form of water vapor; freezing it creates solid ice. Hydrogen is normally a gas, but at high temperatures and pressures\u2014the conditions that exist within planets like Jupiter\u2014hydrogen takes on the properties of a liquid metal and behaves like an electrical conductor.<\/p>\n

Although scientists theorized for decades about the existence of metallic hydrogen, it was nearly impossible to create on Earth. \u201cThe conditions to create metallic hydrogen are so extreme that, although metallic hydrogen is abundant in our solar system, it has only been created a few places on earth,\u201d Zaghoo says. \u201cThe LLE is one of those places.\u201d<\/p>\n

At the LLE, researchers use the powerful OMEGA laser to fire pulses at a hydrogen capsule. The laser impinges on the sample, developing a high-pressure, high-temperature condition that allows the tightly bound hydrogen atoms to break. When this happens, hydrogen is transformed from its gaseous state to a shiny liquid state, much like the element mercury.<\/p>\n

Understanding the dynamo effect<\/strong><\/h3>\n

By studying the conductivity of metallic hydrogen, Zaghoo and Collins are able to build a more accurate model of the dynamo effect\u2014a process where the kinetic energy of conducting moving fluids converts to magnetic energy. Gas giants like Jupiter have a very powerful dynamo, but the mechanism is also present deep within Earth, in the outer core. This dynamo creates our own magnetic field, making our planet habitable by shielding us from harmful solar particles. Researchers can map the earth\u2019s magnetic field, but, because the earth has a magnetic crust, satellites cannot see far enough into our planet to observe the dynamo in action. Jupiter, on the other hand, does not have a crust barrier. This makes it relatively easier for satellites\u2014like NASA\u2019s Juno space probe<\/a>, currently in orbit around Jupiter\u2014to observe the planet\u2019s deep structures, Collins says. \u201cIt is very humbling to be able to characterize one of the most interesting states of matter, liquid metallic hydrogen, here in the laboratory, use this knowledge to interpret satellite data from a space probe, and then apply this all to extrasolar planets.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"illustration
One of the big mysteries of Jupiter is how the planet generates its powerful magnetic field, the strongest in our solar system. A key to Jupiter\u2019s magnetic field may lie in understanding the properties\u2014including the conductivity\u2014of metallic hydrogen, which surrounds Jupiter\u2019s core. (Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ illustration \/ Rodi Keisidis, Laboratory for Laser Energetics)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Zaghoo and Collins focused their research on the relationship between metallic hydrogen and the onset of the dynamo action, including the depth where the dynamo of Jupiter forms. They found that the dynamo of gas giants like Jupiter is likely to originate closer to the surface\u2014where the metallic hydrogen is most conductive\u2014than the dynamo of Earth. This data, combined with revelations from Juno, can be incorporated into simulated models that will allow for a more complete picture of the dynamo effect.<\/p>\n

\u201cPart of the mandate for the Juno mission was to try to understand Jupiter\u2019s magnetic field,\u201d Zaghoo says. \u201cA key complementary piece to the Juno data is just how conductive hydrogen is at varying depths inside the planet. We need to build this into our models in order to make better predictions about current planet composition and evolution.\u201d<\/p>\n

Better understanding the planets in our own solar system also provides more insight into the magnetic shielding of exoplanets outside of our solar system\u2014and may help determine the possibility of life on other planets. Researches have long thought that planets with magnetic fields are better able to sustain gaseous atmospheres and therefore are more likely to harbor life, Zaghoo says. \u201cDynamo theory and magnetic fields are key conditions of habitability. There are hundreds of exoplanets discovered outside our solar system every year and we think many of these planets are like Jupiter and Saturn. We cannot go to these planets yet, but we can apply our knowledge about the super giants in our own solar system to make models of what these planets might be like.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Liquid metallic hydrogen is not present naturally on Earth and has only been created in a handful of places, including the Ä¢¹½´«Ã½’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics. LLE scientists are researching the properties of liquid metallic hyrdrogen to understand how planets both inside and outside our solar system form magnetic shields. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":912,"featured_media":329662,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[29242,29502,5296,37312,23252,18572,33322],"class_list":["post-329292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-exoplanets","tag-featured-post-side","tag-laboratory-for-laser-energetics","tag-materials-science-program","tag-planets","tag-research-finding","tag-rip-collins"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nResearchers unravel more mysteries of metallic hydrogen<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers at Ä¢¹½´«Ã½'s Laboratory for Laser Energetics create metallic hydrogen to study Jupiter\u2019s magnetic field.\" 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