  {"id":321252,"date":"2018-05-22T11:17:14","date_gmt":"2018-05-22T15:17:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=321252"},"modified":"2022-09-08T20:02:34","modified_gmt":"2022-09-09T00:02:34","slug":"data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\/","title":{"rendered":"Using data science to tell which of these people is lying"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Someone is fidgeting in a long line at an airport security gate. Can data science tell us why? Is that person simply nervous about the wait?<\/p>\n<p>Or is this a passenger who has something sinister to hide?<\/p>\n<p>Even highly trained Transportation Security Administration (TSA) airport security officers still have a hard time telling whether someone is lying or telling the truth \u2013 despite the billions of dollars and years of study that have been devoted to the subject.<\/p>\n<p>Now, Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ researchers are using data science and an online crowdsourcing framework called ADDR (Automated Dyadic Data Recorder) to further our understanding of deception based on facial and verbal cues.<\/p>\n<p>They also hope to minimize instances of racial and ethnic profiling that TSA critics contend occurs when passengers are pulled aside under the agency\u2019s Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques (SPOT) program.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBasically, our system is like Skype on steroids,\u201d says Tay Sen, a PhD student in the lab of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.rochester.edu\/people\/faculty\/hoque_m.ehsan\/index.html\">Ehsan Hoque<\/a>, an assistant professor of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.rochester.edu\/\">computer science<\/a>. Sen collaborated closely with Kamrul Hasan, another PhD student in the group, on two papers in <a href=\"http:\/\/hoques.com\/Publications\/2018\/2018-FG-Say%20CHEESE-Sen-et-al.pdf\">IEEE Automated Face and Gesture Recognition<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=3178157.3161178\">Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies<\/a>. The papers describe the framework the lab has used to create the largest publicly available deception dataset so far \u2013 and why some smiles are more deceitful than others.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Game and data science reveal the truth behind a smile<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Here\u2019s how ADDR works: Two people sign up on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mturk.com\/\">Amazon Mechanical Turk<\/a>, the crowdsourcing internet marketplace that matches people to tasks that computers are currently unable to do. A video assigns one person to be the describer and the other to be the interrogator.<\/p>\n<p>The describer is then shown an image and is instructed to memorize as many of the details as possible. The computer instructs the describer to either lie or tell the truth about what they\u2019ve just seen. The interrogator, who has not been privy to the instructions to the describer, then asks the describer a set of baseline questions not relevant to the image. This is done to capture individual behavioral differences which could be used to develop a\u00a0 &#8220;personalized model.&#8221; The routine questions include \u201cwhat did you wear yesterday?\u201d &#8212; to provoke a mental state relevant to retrieving a memory &#8212;\u00a0 and \u201cwhat is 14 times 4?\u201d &#8212; to provoke a mental state relevant to analytical memory.<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Jfli-6Q-13Q\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em><strong>Play the game: Can you tell which person is lying?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cA lot of times people tend to look a certain way or show some kind of facial expression when they\u2019re remembering things,\u201d Sen said. \u201cAnd when they are given a computational question, they have another kind of facial expression.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>They are also questions that the witness would have no incentive to lie about and that provide a baseline of that individual\u2019s \u201cnormal\u201d responses when answering honestly.<\/p>\n<p>And, of course, there are questions about the image itself, to which the witness gives either a truthful or dishonest response.<\/p>\n<p>The entire exchange is recorded on a separate video for later analysis using data science.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>1 million faces<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>An advantage of this crowdsourcing approach is that it allows researchers to tap into a far larger pool of research participants \u2013 and gather data far more quickly \u2013 than would occur if participants had to be brought into a lab, Hoque says. Not having a standardized and consistent dataset with reliable ground truth has been the major setback for deception research, he says. With the ADDR framework,the researchers gathered 1.3 million frames of facial expressions from 151 pairs of individuals playing the game, in a few weeks of effort. More data collection is underway in the lab.<\/p>\n<p>Data science is enabling the researchers to quickly analyze all that data in novel ways. For example, they used automated facial feature analysis software to identify which action units were being used in a given frame, and to assign a numerical weight to each.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers then used an unsupervised clustering technique &#8212;\u00a0 a machine learning method that can automatically find patterns without being assigned any predetermined labels or categories.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt told us there were basically five kinds of smile-related \u2018faces\u2019 that people made when responding to questions,\u201d Sen said. The one most frequently associated with lying was a high intensity version of the so-called Duchenne smile involving both cheek\/eye and mouth muscles. This is consistent with the \u201cDuping Delight\u201d theory that \u201cwhen you\u2019re fooling someone, you tend to take delight in it,\u201d Sen explained.<\/p>\n<p>More puzzling was the discovery that honest witnesses would often contract their eyes, but not smile at all with their mouths. \u201cWhen we went back and replayed the videos, we found that this often happened when people were trying to remember what was in an image,\u201d Sen said. \u201cThis showed they were concentrating and trying to recall honestly.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_321332\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-321332\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321332 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/duchenne-smile.jpg\" alt=\"person smiling broadly being studied using data science\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-321332\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Duchenne smile\u2014a smile that extends to the muscles of the eye\u2014is most frequently associated with lying.<br \/><em>(Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_321342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-321342\" style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321342 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/honest-answer.jpg\" alt=\"person rolling eyes upward like they are thinking about something, and not smiling being studied using data science\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-321342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Witnesses answering honestly will often contract their eyes, trying to truthfully recall information.<br \/><em>(Ä¢¹½´«Ã½ photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Next steps<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>So will these data science findings tip off liars to simply change their facial expressions?<\/p>\n<p>Not likely. The tell-tale strong Duchenne smile associated with lying involves \u201ca cheek muscle you cannot control,\u201d Hoque says.\u00a0 \u201cIt is involuntary.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The data science researchers say they\u2019ve only scratched the surface of potential findings from the data they\u2019re collected.<\/p>\n<p>Hoque, for example, is intrigued by the fact the interrogators unknowingly leak unique information when they are being lied to. For example, interrogators demonstrate more polite smiles when they are being lied to. In addition, an interrogator is more likely to return a smile by a lying witness than a truth-teller. While more research needs to be done, it is clear that looking at the interrogators&#8217; data reveals useful information and could have implications for how TSA officers are trained.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are also possibilities of using language to further decipher the ambiguity within microexpressions.\u201d Hasan says. Hasan is currently exploring this space.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn the end, we still want humans to make the final decision,\u201d Hoque says. \u201cBut as they are interrogating, it is important to provide them with some objective metrics that they could use to further inform their decisions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kurtis Haut, Zachary Teicher, Minh Tran, Matthew Levin, and Yiming Yang \u2013 all students in the Hoque lab \u2013 also contributed to the research.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>University researchers are using data science to analyze more than 1 million facial expressions to more accurately detect deception based on a smile.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286,"featured_media":321272,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[11716,18802,24962,29502,18632,18572],"class_list":["post-321252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-data-science","tag-department-of-computer-science","tag-ehsan-hoque","tag-featured-post-side","tag-hajim-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-research-finding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Using data science to tell which of these people is lying<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"University researchers are using data science to analyze more than 1 million facial expressions to more accurately detect deception based on a smile.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Using data science to tell which of these people is lying\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"University researchers are using data science to analyze more than 1 million facial expressions to more accurately detect deception based on a smile.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-05-22T15:17:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-09-09T00:02:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/fea-data-science-facial-expressions.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bob Marcotte\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bob Marcotte\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Bob Marcotte\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e0d8d271cd290d592461fa9cefca013b\"},\"headline\":\"Using data science to tell which of these people is lying\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-22T15:17:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-09-09T00:02:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1102,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/data-science-facial-expressions-who-if-lying-321252\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/05\\\/fea-data-science-facial-expressions.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"data science\",\"Department of Computer Science\",\"Ehsan Hoque\",\"featured-post-side\",\"Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences\",\"research finding\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science &amp; 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